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IP address
Every device connected to a network, either a local area network (LAN) or the Internet, is given an Internet protocol number. This number or address is used to identify the device individually among all other devices connected to the extended network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol transmit messages based on the IP address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
Within an isolated network, one may choose IP addresses at random as long as they are unique. However, connecting a private network to the Internet requires using registered IP addresses (called Internet addresses) to avoid duplicates.
The four numbers in an IP address are used in different ways to identify a particular network and the network host. Four regional Internet registries - ARIN, RIPE NCC, LACNIC and APNIC - assign Internet addresses from the following three classes.
- Class A - supports 16 million hosts on each of 126 networks
- Class B - supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks
- Class C - supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
The number of unassigned Internet addresses is going to finish, so a new classless scheme called CIDR is gradually replacing the system based on classes A, B, and C and is tied to adoption of IPv6.
Most customers do not utilize IP addresses directly, instead using words to access the servers and computers they want to get information from. Inputted domain names are connected to their Internet protocol addresses through the domain name system (DNS), which keeps a record of all domain names and the IP address they are related to.